Universal design

中文翻译：通用化设计。又名全民设计、全方位设计或者通用化设计，指无需改良或者特别设计就能为所有人是用的产品、环境及通讯。

From Wikipedia

Universal design is a relatively new paradigm that emerged from "barrier-free" or "accessible design" and "assistive technology." Universal design strives to be a broad-spectrum solution that produces buildings, products and environments that are usable and effective for everyone, not just people with disabilities. Moreover, it recognizes the importance of how things look. For example, while built up handles are a way to make utensils more usable for people with gripping limitations, some companies introduced larger, easy to grip and attractive handles as feature of mass produced utensils. They appeal to a wide range of consumers.

As life expectancy rises and modern medicine has increased the survival rate of those with significant injuries, illnesses and birth defects, there is a growing interest in universal design. There are many industries in which universal design is having strong market penetration but there are many others in which it has not yet been adopted to any great extent.

Universal design is a part of everyday living and is all around us. The "undo" command in most software products is a good example. Color-contrast dish ware with steep sides that assist those with visual problems as well as those with dexterity problems are another. Additional examples include cabinets with pull-out shelves, kitchen counters at several heights to accommodate different tasks and postures and low-floor buses that kneel and are equipped with ramps rather than lifts.

The Principles of Universal Design

"The authors, a working group of architects, product designers, engineers and environmental design researchers, collaborated to establish the following Principles of Universal Design to guide a wide range of design disciplines including environments, products, and communications." -

Equitable use Flexibility in use Simple and intuitive Perceptible information Tolerance for error Low physical effort Size and space for approach and use (from the Center for Universal Design)

These principles are broader than that of accessible design

examples

Ramps at A-Tech Smooth ground surfaces of entranceways, without stairs Wide interior doors and hallways Lever handles for opening doors rather than twisting knobs Light switches with large flat panels rather than small toggle switches Buttons on control panels that can be distinguished by touch Bright and appropriate lighting, particularly task lighting Auditory output redundant with information on visual displays Visual output redundant with information in auditory output Contrast controls on visual output Use of meaningful icons as well as text labels Clear lines of sight (to reduce dependence on sound) Volume controls on auditory output Speed controls on auditory output Choice of language on speech output Ramp access in swimming pools Closed captioning on television networks Universal design（通用化设计）

通用化设计又名全民设计、全方位设计或者通用化设计，系指无需改良或者特别设计就能为所有人是用的产品、环境及通讯。它所传达的意思是：如何能被失能者所使用，就能被所有的人使用。

演进历史

通用设计的演进始于1950年代，当时人们开始注意残障问题，在日本、欧洲及美国，无障碍空间设计（barrier-free design)为身体障碍者出去了存在环境中的各种障碍。在1970年代，欧洲及美国一开始是采用广泛设计（accdssible design)，针对在不良于行的人士在生活环境上的需求，并不是针对产品。当时以为美国建筑设计师麦克-贝尔（Michael Bednar)提出：撤除了环境中的障碍后，每个人的官能都可获得提升。他认为建立一个超越广泛设计且更广泛、全面的新观念是必要的。也就是说广泛设计一词并无法完整说明他们的理念。

1987年，美国的设计师，朗-麦斯（Ron Mace)开始大量使用“通用设计”一词，并设法定义它与“广泛设计”的关系。他标识，通用设计不是一项新的学科或风格，或是有何独到之处。它需要的只是对需求及市场的认知，以及以清楚易懂的方法，让我们设计及生活的每件物品都能在最大的程度上被每个人使用。他并说“通用”（unicersal)一词并不理想，更准确的说，“全民设计”是一种设计方向，设计师努力在每项设计中加入各种特点，让它们能被更多人使用。在1990年中期，朗-麦斯与一群设计师为“全民设计”订立了七项原则。

在学术领域，“Unicersal Ddsign”还有一个名称为“公用性设计”

七项原则

1、公平使用:这种设计对任何使用者都不会造成伤害或使其受窘。

2、弹性使用：这种设计涵盖了广泛的个人喜好和能力。

3、简易及直觉使用：不论使用者的经验、知识、语言能力或集中力如何，这种设计的使用都很容易了解。

4、明显的资讯：不论周围状况或者使用者感官能力如何，这种设计有效的针对使用者传达了必要的资讯。

5、容许错误：这种设计将危险及以为或不经意的动作所导致的不利后果降至最低。

6、省力：这种设计可以有效、舒适及不费力的使用。

7、适当的尺寸及空间供使用：不论使用者体型、姿势或移动性如何，这种设计提供了适当的大小及空间供操作及使用。

三项附则

1、可长久使用，具经济性

2、品质优良且美观

3、对人体及环境无害